Evaluation of the incisive canal using cone beam computed tomography

The incisive canal is innervated by the nasopalatine nerve and irrigated by the anterior branches of the descending palatine vessels, the sphenopalatine and greater palatine artery. Sometimes, the incisor canal interferes with the placement of implants or other surgical procedures, it is necessary to resort to previous treatments in order to have the ideal conditions in the area to be treated and avoid complications. Methods: 100 cone beam computed tomography were studied evaluating the diameter, length and shape of the incisor canal, distance from the lower edge of the incisor canal to the alveolar ridge, length and width of the bone anterior to the incisor canal, and width of the palatal bone. Results and conclusions: The variables that showed a statistically significant difference comparing between male and female patients were vestibulo-palatal and incisor foramen diameter, incisor canal length, distance from the canal to the central incisor, coronal and medial width of the vestibular bone; and the width of the palatal bone at apical and mid-level; being greater in male patients.

Índice de Placa Bacteriana, Índice Gingival y Prueba de Silometría en Pacientes con Síndrome de Sjögren Primario y Secundario

RESUMEN: El síndrome de Sjögren (SS) es una enfermedad crónica autoinmune presente en el 0.1 - 3.0 % de la población, en la que se encuentran involucradas las glándulas salivales, trayendo consigo manifestaciones orales como caries dental y enfermedad periodontal. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el índice de placa, el índice gingival y la prueba de sialometría en pacientes con síndrome de Sjögren primario y secundario. Fueron evaluados clínicamente 40 pacientes con SS primario (n=20) y SS secundario (n=20), ambos grupos diagnosticados con periodontitis crónica. Se registró el índice de placa de Quigley-Hein modificado por Turesky, el índice gingival de Löe y la prueba de silometría estimulada, recolectando saliva parotídea con el dispositivo Carlson-Crittenden. Los pacientes con SS primario tuvieron un índice de placa de (3,53±0,5954) e índice gingival (2,41±0,2608). En pacientes con SS secundario el índice de placa fue (1,62±0,3795) y el índice gingival (1,48±0,3994), con diferencia significativa (p=0,0001) entre ambos grupos. El flujo salival se elevó en pacientes con SS secundario. El presente estudio concluye que el índice de placa y el índice gingival fueron mayores en pacientes con SS primario comparados con pacientes con SS secundario. La prueba de sialometría fue mayor en pacientes con SS secundario.

ABSTRACT: Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is a chronic autoimmune disease present in 0.1 - 3.0 % of the population, in which the salivary glands are involved, bringing with it oral manifestations such as dental caries and periodontal disease. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the plaque index, gingival index and the sialometry test in patients with primary and secondary Sjögren's syndrome. Forty patients with primary SS (n = 20) and secondary SS (n = 20), both groups diagnosed with chronic periodontitis, were evaluated clinically. The Quigley-Hein plaque index modified by Turesky, the gingival index of Löe and stimulated sialometry test collected from parotid gland by using Carlson-Crittenden device were recorded. The patients with primary SS had plaque index (3.53 ± 0.5954) and gingival index (2.41 ± 0.2608). The patients with secondary SS had a plaque index (1.62 ± 0.3795) and gingival index (1.48 ± 0.3994), with significant difference between both groups. The present study concludes that plaque index and gingival index were higher in patients with primary SS than patients with secondary SS. Sialometry test were higher in patients with secondary SS.

In Vivo Evaluation of 3 Electronic Apex Locators: Root ZX Mini, Apex ID, and Propex Pixi.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this in vivo study was to compare the accuracy of 3 electronic apex locators (EALs) (Root ZX mini [J Morita Corp, Tokyo, Japan], Apex ID [SybronEndo, Glendora, CA], and Propex Pixi [Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland]) to determine the working length. METHODS: Thirty single-rooted human teeth that were scheduled for extraction were selected for the study. Electronic measurements were performed with the 3 EALs. After the teeth had been extracted, a #10 K-file was used to determine the actual working length, which was established at 0.5 mm short of the major foramen. The data were statistically analyzed with analysis of variance (α = 0.05). RESULTS: No significant differences were found among the experimental groups (P > .05). The mean distance from the actual working length to the file tip was 0.163 ± 0.032 mm when Root ZX mini was used, 0.343 ± 0.032 mm for Propex Pixi , and 0.012 ± 0.008 mm for Apex ID. CONCLUSIONS: Under the in vivo conditions of this study, no statistically significant differences were observed among the 3 EALs.

[Sargassum: the atypical irruption of an ancient ecosystem]. / Sargazo: la irrupción atípica de un ecosistema milenario.

Sargassum constitutes an ancient marine ecosystem that circulates clockwise on the Atlantic Ocean. Upon 2011, the pelagic seaweed which is the main component of sargassum started to reach beaches on 19 Caribbean countries, with environmental, health and economic impacts that need to be addressed urgently.

El sargazo es un ecosistema marino milenario que circula en el sentido de las manecillas del reloj en el Océano Atlántico. A partir de 2011, el alga flotante que lo compone ha comenzado a recalar en playas de 19 países del Caribe, con consecuencias ambientales, sanitarias y económicas que deben atenderse con urgencia.

Características anatómicas del asa mandibular evaluada por tomografía computarizada de haz cónico / Anatomical characteristics of the mandibular loop evaluated by cone beam computed tomography

Introducción: El nervio dentario inferior es una estructura anatómica de la mandíbula, la cual presenta variaciones como el asa mandibular, ambas estructuras están relacionadas con iatrogenias con tratamientos como cirugías orales, regeneraciones óseas e implantes. El objetivo del presente estudio es evaluar las características del asa mandibular y el agujero mentoniano utilizando tomografía axial computarizada de haz cónico (CBCT) en pacientes del Postgrado de Periodoncia de la Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León. Material y métodos: Se analizaron un total de 110 CBCT, de los cuales 61 entraron al estudio cumpliendo con los criterios de inclusión, se realizaron cortes transversales utilizando el software On Demand® para identifi car y medir el asa mandibular y localizar la posición del agujero mentoniano de ambos lados separando los grupos por género. Resultados: La prevalencia del asa mandibular fue de 32.8% de 61 CBCT que se analizaron, se observó más comúnmente en hombres y de manera bilateral, y cuando fue unilateral sólo se encontró en el lado derecho, la longitud promedio fue de 6 ± 1 mm. El agujero mentoniano se detectó en mayor porcentaje apical al segundo premolar inferior con un diámetro promedio de 3.5 ± 0.5 mm, alejándose de la raíz del diente adyacente en un promedio de 6 ± 1 mm y del borde de la mandíbula 12.5 mm ± 0.5 mm. Conclusión: Es de suma importancia identifi car las características anatómicas del asa mandibular y localizar la posición del agujero mentoniano durante la planifi cación del tratamiento para evitar complicaciones durante y después del acto quirúrgico (AU)

Introduction: The inferior dental nerve is an anatomical structure of the mandible which presents variations such as the anterior loop, both structures are related to iatrogenies with treatments such as oral surgeries, bone regenerations and implants. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the characteristics of the anterior loop and the mental foramen using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in patients of the Graduate Periodontics Program, School of Dentistry, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León. Material and methods: 110 CBCT were analyzed of which 61 entered the study fulfi lling the inclusion criteria, cross sections were made using the On Demand® software to identify and measure the anterior loop and locate the position of the mental foramen both sides separating our groups by gender. Results: The prevalence of the anterior loop was 32.8% of 61 CBCT that were analyzed, it was found more commonly in men and bilaterally, and when it was unilateral only found on the right side, the average length was 6 ± 1 mm. The mental hole was found in greater percentage apical to the second lower premolar with an average diameter of 3.5 ± 0.5 mm, moving away from the root of the adjacent tooth by an average of 6 ± 1 mm and from the edge of the mandible 12.5 ± 0.5 mm. Conclusion: It is very important to locate these anatomical structures during treatment planning and avoid complications during and after the surgical act (AU)

Sargazo: la irrupción atípica de un ecosistema milenario / Sargassum: the atypical irruption of an ancient ecosystem

Resumen El sargazo es un ecosistema marino milenario que circula en el sentido de las manecillas del reloj en el Océano Atlántico. A partir de 2011, el alga flotante que lo compone ha comenzado a recalar en playas de 19 países del Caribe, con consecuencias ambientales, sanitarias y económicas que deben atenderse con urgencia.

Abstract Sargassum constitutes an ancient marine ecosystem that circulates clockwise on the Atlantic Ocean. Upon 2011, the pelagic seaweed which is the main component of sargassum started to reach beaches on 19 Caribbean countries, with environmental, health and economic impacts that need to be addressed urgently.

Evaluación bajo microscopio electrónico de barrido de sellantes de fosas y fisuras hidrófobos e hidrófilos, bajo diferentes condiciones de humedad: Un estudio in vitro / Avaliação do microscópio eletrônico de varredura de selantes hidrofóbicos e hidrofílicos sob diferentes condições de umidade: estudo in vitro / Scanning electron microscope evaluation of hydrophobic and hydrophilic sealants under different humidity conditions: An in vitro study

Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de diferentes marcas de selladores de fosas y fisuras hidrófobos e hidrófilos en Microscopio electrónico de barrido de emisión de campo (MEB-EC) expuestos a humedad relativa. Materiales y Métodos: Se utilizaron 40 premolares extraídos con fines ortodóncicos, se dividieron al azar en 8 grupos: Grupo 1: sellador Clinpro® (ambiente seco), Grupo 2: sellador Clinpro® (ambiente húmedo), Grupo 3: sellador Embrace WetBond® (ambiente seco), Grupo 4: sellador Embrace Wet-Bond® (ambiente húmedo), Grupo 5: sellador UltraSeal XT Hydro® (ambiente seco), Grupo 6: sellador UltraSeal XT Hydro® (ambiente húmedo), Grupo 7: sellador UltraSeal XT Plus® (ambiente seco) y el Grupo 8 sellador UltraSeal XT Plus® (ambiente húmedo). Resultados: El Grupo 1 (Clinpro®/ambiente seco) Mostró valores de adhesión al esmalte superiores, de forma estadísticamente significativa, en relación a los demás grupos y mejor calidad en la formación de "tags" en comparación con los otros grupos, independientemente si el ambiente era seco o húmedo. Conclusiones: Los selladores Clinpro 3M®, utilizados en condiciones secas o de relativa humedad demostró tener buenos resultados. La resina fluida UltraSeal XT Plus® utilizada en condiciones húmedas no proporcionó buenos resultados observándose poca formación de tags; los selladores hidrófilos (Embrace Wetbond ® y UltraSeal XT Hydro®) utilizados en un ambiente húmedo tenían una capacidad de adaptación, observándose buena formación de tags; Los selladores hidrófilos usados en ambientes secos no se adaptan a la superficie y tienen una tendencia a fallar en lo que respecta a la adhesión.

Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito de diferentes marcas de selantes hidrofóbicos e hidrofílicos em microscopia eletrônica de varredura expostos à umidade relativa. Materiais e Métodos: 40 prémolares extraídos para fins ortodônticos foram divididos aleatoriamente em 8 grupos: Grupo 1: Selante Clinpro® (ambiente seco), Grupo 2: Selante Clinpro® (ambiente úmido), Grupo 3: Selante WetBond® de Embrace (ambiente seco) Grupo 4: Selante Embrace WetBond ® (ambiente úmido), Grupo 5: Selante Ultra-Seal XT Hydro® (ambiente seco), Grupo 6: Selante UltraSeal XT Hydro® (ambiente úmido), Grupo 7: selante UltraSeal XT Plus (ambiente seco) ) e selante UltraSeal XT Plus® do Grupo 8 (ambiente úmido). Resultados: O Grupo 1 (Clinpro® / ambiente seco) mostrou valores mais elevados de adesão ao esmalte estatisticamente significativo, em relação aos demais grupos. Também apresentou melhor qualidade na formação de "tags" em comparação com os outros grupos, independentemente se o meio estava seco ou úmido. Conclusões: O selante Clinpro 3M®, utilizado em condições secas ou de umidade relativa, demonstraram bons resultados. A resina fluida UltraSeal XT Plus®, utilizada em condições úmidas, não proporcionou bons resultados com pouca formação de tags. Os selantes hidrofílicos (Embrace Wetbond® e UltraSeal XT Hydro®), utilizados em um ambiente úmido, tiveram capacidade de adaptação, observando boa formação de tags; Os selantes hidrófilos, utilizados em ambientes secos, não se adaptam à superfície e tendem a falhar em relação à adesão.

Objective: Evaluates the effectiveness of different brands of hydrophobic and hydrophilic pit and fissure sealants in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) exposed to relative humidity. Materials and Methods: 40 premolars extracted for orthodontic purposes were randomly divided into 8 groups: Group 1: Clinpro® sealant (dry environment), Group 2: Clinpro® sealant (wet environment), Group 3: Embrace WetBond® sealant (dry environment), Group 4: Embrace WetBond® sealant (wet environment), Group 5: UltraSeal XT Hydro® sealant (dry environment), Group 6: UltraSeal XT Hydro® (wet environment) sealant, Group 7: UltraSeal XT Plus sealant® (dry environment) and Group 8 UltraSeal XT Plus® sealant (wet environment). Results: Group 1 (Clinpro® / dry environment) showed higher values of adhesion to the enamel statistically significant, in relation to the other groups. It also showed better quality in the formation of "tags" in comparison with the other groups, independently if the atmosphere was dry or damp. Conclusions: Clinpro 3M® sealants, used in dry or relative humid conditions, proved to have good results. The UltraSeal XT Plus® fluid resin used in wet conditions did not provide good results with little tag formation; the hydrophilic sealants (Embrace Wetbond® and UltraSeal XT Hydro®) used in a humid environment had a capacity of adaptation, observing good formation of tags; Hydrophilic sealants used in dry environments do not adapt to the surface and have a tendency to fail with regard to adhesion.

Determinación del tipo de sonrisa infantil ideal de acuerdo a la percepción de los padres y Odontopediatras / Determinação do tipo de sorriso infantil ideal de acordo com a percepção de pais e odontopediatras / Determination of the ideal children´s smile type according to the perception of parents and Pediatric dentists

Objetivo: Comparar la percepción de los padres de familia y Odontopediatras en relación a la sonrisa infantil ideal. Material y Métodos: 2 Grupos de evaluadores: 97 Padres de familia (grupo 1) y 99 Odontopediatras (grupo 2). Se realizaron observaciones fotográficas en 25 fotografías para determinar la percepción de ambos grupos con respecto a la sonrisa estética. Se compararon los grupos mediante la prueba chi cuadrada con p=0,05. Resultados: Respecto a las expectativas de los padres en cuanto a estética de la sonrisa infantil prefieren una exposición moderada de nivel de tejido gingival, diastemas y espacios interincisales; con una distancia vertical promedio. Los Odontopediatras prefieren una exposición mínima de tejido gingival, dientes juntos, sin diastemas ni espacios interincisales. Conclusiones: Se acepta la hipótesis ya que al comparar la percepción de los padres de familia y Odontopediatras en relación a la sonrisa infantil ideal existió una diferencia significativa entre la percepción visual de los padres de familia y los profesionistas con respecto a la sonrisa ideal.

Objetivo: Comparar a percepção de pais e odontopediatras em relação ao sorriso infantil ideal. Material e Métodos: 2 Grupos de avaliadores: 97 Pais (grupo 1) e 99 Odontopediatras (grupo 2). Imagens de 25 fotografias foram entregues, aos país e odontopediatras, para determinar a percepção em ambos os grupos quanto ao sorriso estético em crianças. Os resultados foram comparados usando o teste do qui-quadrado com p = 0,05. Resultados: Em relação às expectativas dos pais sobre a estética do sorriso infantil, estes prefiraram uma exposição moderada do nível do tecido gengival, diastemas e espaços interincisivos; com uma distância vertical média. Odontopediatras preferiram exposição mínima do tecido gengival, dentes sem diastemas ou espaços interincisivos. Conclusões: A hipótese encontrada sobre o sorriso das crianças do ponto de vista dos país e odontopediatras é que houve uma diferença significativa entre a percepção visual em relação ao sorriso ideal.

Aim: To compare the perception of parents and pedodontists in relation to the ideal child smile. Material and Methods: 2 Groups of evaluators: 97 parents (group 1) and 99 pedodontists (group 2). Photographic observations were performed in 25 photographs to determine the perception of both groups regarding the aesthetic smile. The groups were compared using the chi-square test with p = 0.05. Results: Expectations of the parents regarding the aesthetics of the children's smile, they prefer moderate exposure of gingival tissue, diastemas and interincisal spacings ; with an average vertical distance. Pedodontists prefer minimal exposure of gingival tissue, teeth together, without diastemas or interincisal spacings. Conclusions: The hypothesis is accepted because when comparing the perception of parents and Pedodontists in relation to the ideal child smile there was a significant difference between the visual perception of parents and professionals with respect to the ideal smile.

Cytotoxic Effect of Lipophilic Bismuth Dimercaptopropanol Nanoparticles on Epithelial Cells.

Bismuth nanoparticles have many interesting properties to be applied in biomedical and medicinal sectors, however their safety in humans have not been comprehensively investigated. The objective of this research was to determine the cytotoxic effect of bismuth dimercaptopropanol nanoparticles (BisBAL NPs) on epithelial cells. The nanoparticles are composed of 18.7 nm crystallites on average and have a rhombohedral structure, agglomerating into chains-like or clusters of small nanoparticles. Based on MTT viability assay and fluorescence microscopy, cytotoxicity was not observed on monkey kidney cells after growing with 5 µM of BisBAL NPs for 24 h. Employing same techniques, identical results were obtained with human epithelial cells (HeLa), showing a not strain-dependent phenomenon. The absence of toxic effects on epithelial cells growing with BisBAL NPs was corroborated with long-time experiments (24-72 hrs.), showing no difference in comparison with growing control (cells without nanoparticles). Further, genotoxicity assays, comet assay and fluorescent microscopy and electrophoresis in bromide-stained agarose gel revealed no damage to genomic DNA of MA104 cells after 24 h. of exposition to BisBAL NPs. Finally, the effect of bismuth nanoparticles on protein synthesis was studied in cells growing with BisBAL NPs for 24 h. SDS-PAGE assays showed no difference between treated and untreated cells, suggesting that BisBAL NPs did not interfere with protein synthesis. Hence BisBAL NPs do not appear to exert cytotoxic effects suggesting their biological compatibility with epithelial cells.

Oral Manifestations in Adolescents and Their Impact on Social Discrimination / Manifestaciones Orales en Adolescentes, Su Impacto con la Discriminación Social

Adolescents between 12 and 13 years of age suffer social discrimination and low self-esteem because of their physical appearance. The objective of this study was to evaluate the presence of oral manifestations such as dental malposition, gummy smile, halitosis, and bone malformations of the maxillary and jaw, and determine their social impact on adolescents. A descriptive study was performed in secondary school adolescents between 12 and 13 years of age. First, an interview was carried out to identify the impact of oral manifestations as a cause of social discrimination and then clinical examination was performed. It was found that in adolescents, oral manifestations cause social discrimination. Dental malposition was the main cause (81 %), followed by gummy smile (29 %), maxillary and jaw bone malformations (16 %) and halitosis (11 %). Of those interviewed, 90 % expressed having received negative comments about their oral cavity and 81 % referred the need for dental care; 72 % felt discriminated by their classmates and 65 % did not like to speak in public (p <0.005). It was concluded that a relationship exists between oral manifestations and social discrimination in adolescents.

Actualmente los adolescentes entre 12 y 13 años sufren discriminación social y por ende baja autoestima, debido al bullying provocado por el aspecto físico. Evaluar la presencia de manifestaciones orales como, malposición dental, sonrisa gingival, halitosis, malformaciones óseas del maxilar y mandíbula y su impacto en la discriminación social de los adolescentes. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo en adolescentes entre 12 y 13 años que cursaban nivel básico, primeramente se aplicó una entrevista para identificar el impacto de las manifestaciones orales como desencadenantes de discriminación social seguido de un examen clínico. Se identificó que existe discriminación social en los adolescentes debido a las manifestaciones orales. La malposición dental fue la principal desencadenante (80,65 %), seguido de sonrisa gingival (29,03 %), malformaciones óseas del maxilar y la mandíbula (16,13 %) y halitosis (11,29 %). El 90,33 % de los encuestados expresó haber recibido comentarios negativos acerca de su cavidad oral y el 80,65 % refirió la necesidad de atención odontológica. Se han sentido discriminados por sus compañeros 72,20 % y no les gusta hablar en público 64,52 % (p <0,005). Es posible concluir que existe relación entre las manifestaciones orales que presentaron los adolescentes y que impactan en su discriminación social, ya que expresaron sentir discriminación por sus compañeros, por lo que les gustaría cambiar su aspecto físico.

Caries dental y los determinantes sociales de la salud en México / Dental caries and social determinants of health in Mexico

La caries dental es una enfermedad multifactorial que representa un problema de salud pública global y nacional. Se conocen los factores de riesgo individual, no así los asociados con su ocurrencia poblacional; no es claro por qué algunos países o regiones presentan mayor prevalencia que otros. Es necesario analizar los determinantes sociales de la salud (DSS) asociados. El objetivo de este estudio fue explorar la asociación entre algunos determinantes poblacionales y la prevalencia de caries dental en la población infantil mexicana. Se realizó un estudio de casos de carácter ecológico cuyas unidades de observación fueron las 32 entidades federativas de la República mexicana. Se realizó un análisis comparativo cualitativo (Qualitative Comparative Analysis, QCA por sus siglas en inglés) usando datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Caries Dental 2001, e información oficial sobre desigualdad en el ingreso (G), producto interno bruto (P), porcentaje de población analfabeta (A), porcentaje de población rural (R), porcentaje de población indígena (I), tasa migratoria neta (L), distribución indicada de sal yodada fluorada (F) por estado. Las configuraciones más frecuentes fueron GpARIlF (17,86 por ciento de los estados); gPariLF (14,29 por ciento); GpARIlf (10,71 por ciento) y gPariLf (7,14 por ciento). Al realizar la reducción a un Benchmark de 0,80, se obtuvo una consistencia de 0,900 y una cobertura de 0,463 con diez configuraciones. A un Benchmark de 0,90 se obtuvo una consistencia de 0,974 y una cobertura de 0,223 con cuatro configuraciones. La desigualdad en el ingreso participa consistentemente en los modelos causales de prevalencia de caries, la distribución de sal yodada y fluorada participa pero negativamente, indicando su presencia como factor protector ante la enfermedad. Se sugiere apoyar acciones que disminuyan la desigualdad en el ingreso, así como el continuar con la política de distribución de sal yodada y fluorada(AU)

Dental caries is a multifactorial disease which represents a public health problem globally and nationally. There are known individual risk factors, not the population associated with its occurrence; it is not clear why some countries or regions have higher prevalence than others. It is necessary to analyze the Social Determinants of Health (SDH) associated. The aim of this study was to explore the association between some population determinants and the prevalence of dental caries in Mexican children. A case study of ecological character whose observation units were the 32 states of Mexico was conducted. A qualitative comparative analysis was conducted, using data from 2001National Survey of Dental Caries, and official data on income inequality (G), gross domestic product (P), percentage of illiterate population (A), percentage of rural population (R), percentage of indigenous population (I), net migration rate (L), indicated distribution of iodized salt fluoridated by state(F). The most common settings were GpARIlF (17.86 percent of the states); gPariLF (14.29 percent); GpARIlf (10.71 percent) and gPariLf (7.14 percent). When reducing a 0.80Benchmark, 0.900 and consistency and 0.463 of coverage were obtained with ten settings. A 0.90 Benchmark, 0.974 of consistency and 0.223 of coverage were obtained with four settings. The income inequality consistently participates in causal models of caries prevalence; distribution of iodized and fluoridated salt was negatively involved indicating its presence as a protective factor against the disease. It is suggested supporting actions to reduce income inequality, as well as to continue the distribution policy of fluoridated and iodized salt(AU)